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', '9__1_1':'Silver style base map. In a previous study within the same population, extensive overlap was observed in the reporting of animal contact, both animal type and exposure activity, further complicating interpretation of these associations, The collection and consumption of animal carcasses is a common activity in forested areas of the Congo River basin and creates sustainability, conservation, and health concerns. This map is available in a common image format. We thank the health, care workers in the Sankuru Province and the DRC, Ministry of Health for their surveillance efforts and, assistance with the implementation of this study. Participants engaged in a variety of behaviors that increased contact with wild animals, including: butchering to sell (37%), being injured (14%), using body parts for traditional medicine (19%), collecting carcasses found in forests and/or farms (18%), and keeping as pets (16%). This tool and the corresponding guidelines for disease management are designed to be used by public and health authorities when facing MHP disease outbreaks. scope of population exposure to wild animals and high-, lighted the differences in exposures according to study, location, which may reflect differences in cultural practices, The rainforest of the Congo Basin is the second largest in, the world after the Amazon, and approximately 50% lies, within the boundaries of the Democratic Republic of the, Congo (DRC) in Central Africa (Observatory for the Forests, highest level of biological diversity on the African contin, home to more than 400 known mammal species, including a, wide variety of non-human primates (NHP), rodents, and, bats (Observatory for the Forests of Central Africa, While dependent upon subsistence farming for nutritional, estimated 80 million inhabitants of the DRC live, densely forested areas and rely upon hunting locally available. and implementation; LLW participated in study design. Moreover, previous research on exposure to NHPs indi-, cates that simple handling of such animals promotes, The findings from our study further expand upon and, support some of the observations made in a recent western, 20% of the population reported contact with either wild or, domestic animals, the animal contact survey was adminis-, tered only to subjects either reporting an injury from an, animal or NHP contact. Allerdings wurde die Neugliederung 2015 doch umgesetzt und Kasaï-Oriental wurde in drei neue Provinzen aufgeteilt: Sankuru, Lomami und Kasaï-Oriental. Click to select this style. mh_priprav_lnk(wg_adresa_lnk); Lualaba | opportunities for transmission of zoonotic disease. This style is currently shown. The most frequently reported activities included eating (95%), cooking (70%), and butchering or. Moreover, we observed a high correlation of the same activities across animal, ulations that rely on bushmeat, there is a high frequency of exposure to multiple, various modalities. [1][2] The activities and animals. Sorry, it\'s not possible to turn off this option for this map. (pddng.length && pddng[0].hasClass('bzlk')) && !mh_touch) { // v obsahovych ne wg_pamet = 'http://www.maphill.com/'; NHP exposure varied and infected women lived in distant villages suggesting a wide and potentially diverse distribution of SFV infections across DRC. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Reported hunting frequencies within taxonomic groups of prey were different for different hunting behaviors. Get a login to view Kanaal Z newsflashes on this company. ', 'sloupec_1':'Choose Base Map Style', '1__1_2':'Physical map outside. Among children, school attendance was as-. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 18. As limited information exists on patterns of, wildlife in communities that rely heavily on bushmeat, this, study fills a knowledge gap by exploring various animals, and the mode of contact experienced by rural villagers, the Congo Basin. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Each map style has its advantages. In the event of future zoonotic disease outbreaks, effective public health interventions and campaigns that mitigate the risk of animal contact during outbreaks need to be broad to include various modes of contact and should be directed to both men and women across all age groups. All 2D maps of Sankuru are created based on real Earth data. By sharing our experiences, we hope that the design of similar conservation and development-based research can be improved. Proviral loads in the three women ranged from 14 – 1,755 copies/105 cells. thank Cyrus Sinai for assisting with Fig. ', '7__1_1':'Gray base map. Such high correlation of animal, contact within the same time period through different, modes (both within and across species) and the fact that, many species are able to harbor multiple pathogens (as, reservoirs and intermediate or incidental hosts) make it, difficult to separate the potential effect of any single, behavior or species on risk of exposure to zoonotic, thogens. Click on the Detailed button under the image to switch to a more detailed map. pathogen community similarity in wild primates and humans. View the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. $(window).fireEvent('scroll'); // kvuli 1px ve ff Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that men who live adjacent to forest fragments are at elevated risk of animal contact and specifically primate contact. Sankuru highlighted in white. Over the last 50 years, many of these microbial forms, that are naturally embedded into wildlife or the environment, e.g. var src = (useSSL ? Mossoun A, Pauly M, Akoua-Koffi C, Couacy-Hymann E, Leen-, dertz SAJ, Anoh AE, et al. In the event of future zoonotic disease outbreaks, effective public health interventions, campaigns that mitigate the risk of animal contact during outbreaks need to be broad to include various modes, of contact and should be directed to both men and women across all age groups. We found that bats indeed host more zoonotic viruses per species than rodents, and we identified life-history and ecological factors that promote zoonotic viral richness. googletag.defineSlot('/114450422/Maphill_com_Map_adm2_ATF_TopLargeRectangle_336x280', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-Map-adm2-ATF-TopLargeRectangle-336x280').addService(googletag.pubads()); wild animals as a source of protein (Golden et al. Kinshasa (Hauptstadtdistrikt), http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Congo-K_Provinces_1960-1966.html, Provinzen der Demokratischen Republik Kongo, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankuru_(Provinz)&oldid=191461662, Provinz in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“. Its capital is Lusambo. However, as limitations in recall likely impacted a, jects, the bias would be non-differential and therefore result, in an underestimate of true associations. Citing Literature. Physical map illustrates the natural geographic features of an area, such as the mountains and valleys. emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In recent years, outbreaks caused by multi-host pathogens (MHP) have posed a serious challenge to public and animal health authorities. Despite this limitation, the, Ugandan study observed overlapping exposures to animals, and the modes through which contact occurs as docu-, mented in our study. }); Click to apply this effect. Die Einwohnerzahl der Provinz betrug im Jahr 2015 2.110.000 Einwohner, die Hauptstadt ist Lusambo.[1][2]. Key results Most of the 440 responding hunters resided on Australia's eastern coast. With a Finance or Business Login you get the credit advice + trend. Similarly, NHPs and antelopes (Lahm et al. mh_priprav_ap('#mmcld a', false, true);mh_priprav_ap('#mmecld a', false, true);mh_fade_obrazky($$("img[class^=dls]"));mh_priprav_atlas(); Hunters came into contact with wildlife significantly more than non-hunters, even through non-hunting exposure pathways. skinning of animals (55%). Zoonotic transmission of simian retroviruses in Central Africa is ongoing and can result in pandemic human infection. Change data. mh_fade_obrazky($$('.rlf')); sessed, while educational attainment, socioeconomic status, martial status, and occupation (based upon primary and, secondary designation) were assessed among those 15, of age or older. Global Network research trial on nutrition, agriculture and public health, Evaluating time between birth to cry or bag and mask ventilation using mobile delivery room timers in India: The NICHD Global Network's Helping Babies Breathe Trial. Understanding the emergence of new zoonotic agents requires knowledge of pathogen biodiversity in wildlife, human-wildlife interactions, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife populations, and changes in society and human behavior. Use the Free map button above the image. This is how the world looks like. dently. The diversity of wildlife in Sankuru is staggering. While significant, these studies provided a limited, ), was created to assess association of socioe-, Flowchart of eligibility criteria and study enrollmen, t, Sankuru Province, Democratic Republic of the Con, ). However, limited testing of close contacts of WB-positive persons did not identify human-to-human transmission. The majority (51.7%) of injuries were dog bites that healed with no long-term medical consequences. While 61% of the. ). ', '3__1_1':'Satellite base map. Aims We aimed to describe the, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. The objective of this study is, to identify and describe human–animal contact in the, gion and to assess sociodemographic risk factors, with different types of animal contact, particularly to spe-, cies that are suspected or known reservoirs or hosts of, From August to September 2007, we conducted a popula-, tion-based survey to assess human exposure to wild ani-, mals (a proxy measure for risk of zoonotic infection) in, healthy, rural village populations in the Sankuru Province, lation of this province (which was a district with, geographical boundaries at the time of data collection) was, estimated at 676,839 with a population density of 14.28, design and population have been described elsewhere, DRC Ministry of Health, 14 locations were randomly se-, lected in two monkeypox endemic health zones: Kole and, Lomela. Sankuru is highlighted by yellow color. var pddng = $$('div[class~=pddng]'); be taken in extrapolating such findings to other locations. Contact to monkeys was significantly more frequent than to chimpanzees, most likely a reflection of meat availability and hunting effort. 75% of ‘‘emerging’’ pathogens are thought to have origi-, notic disease emergence is complex and multifactorial, with, potential factors including environmental drivers or human, behaviors, such as increased travel, migration, or trade, the frequency, duration, and type of contact be, mans, wildlife, and domestic animals, providing an, opportunity for pathogens to move, or ‘‘spillover,’’ into, environmental barriers between humans, animals, and the, pathogens they carry decrease. Indawo ye-Sankuru eKhongo-Kinshasa: Izixhumanisi: Izwe: Khongo-Kinshasa: Isiqongo: Lusambo: Sasungulwa: Ngo-2015: Uhulumeni • UNdunankulu: Joseph-Stéphane Mukumadi Assessing Immunity to Vaccine Preventable Diseases in DRC. for another. Central Africa, bushmeat serves as a significant nutritional, economic, and cultural component of their livelihoods, may also result in enhanced opportunities for zoonotic dis-, an ideal location for expanding knowledge on animal, exposures that may contribute to and result in the trans-. If any of Maphill's maps inspire you to come to Sankuru, we would like to offer you access to wide selection of hotels at low prices and with great customer service. View Enhanced PDF Access article on Wiley Online Library (HTML view) Download PDF for ... study is intended to provide a starting‐point for more detailed evaluations of potential hydrocarbon systems in the Sankuru‐Mbuji‐Mayi‐Lomami‐Lovoy Basin and the adjacent greater Congo Basin area. Maphill maps will never be as detailed as Google maps or as precise as designed by professional cartographers. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from UCLA, Fielding School of Public Health and Kinshasa School of, Fifty-nine percent of the study participants were fema, and the median reported age was 23 (21 and 25 years, for, and only 44% of women compared to 80% of men reported, completing primary education. A paid login allows you to check the complete dashboard. Friant S, Paige SB, Goldberg TL (2015) Drivers of bushmeat, hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting, Gessain A, Rua R, Betsem E, Turpin J, Mahieux R (2013) HTLV-, 3/4 and simian foamy retroviruses in humans: discovery, epi-. Learn about our remote access options, Illinois State Geological Survey, University of Illinois, 625 E. Peabody dr., 61820 Champaign Illinois, USA, Biogeochemistry and Modeling of the Earth System, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. Click to select this style. Just like any other image. The detailed maps use the Mercator projection which preserves the shape of small areas better. sonality may impact exposure in this population. (2009) Human Ebola outbreak, resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Demo-, Locatelli S, Peeters M (2012) Cross-species transmission of simian, retroviruses: how and why they could lead to the emergence of, Luis AD, Hayman DT, O’Shea TJ, Cryan PM, Gilbert AT, Pulliam, JR, et al. (2012) Origin of human T-. This study presents a preliminary assessment of the petroleum potential of the Meso‐Neoproterozoic Mbuji‐Mayi Supergroup in the Sankuru‐Mbuji‐Mayi‐Lomami‐Lovoy Basin in the southern‐central Democratic Republic of Congo. Maphill is a collection of map images. Sixteen (0.5%) samples were WB-positive; 12 of 16 were from women (75%, 95% confidence limits 47.6%, 92.7%). Additionally, we identify individual-level risk factors associated with contact. ... Generally, these results suggest that evaluations of at-risk sub-groups may be of limited use in regions where zoonotic transmission risk likely depends more on exposure frequency. But you can experience much more when you visit Sankuru. Physical style for all areas outside of the borders of Sankuru. A red dashboard is not necessarily negative but indicates an individual key-figure below median. Photos by Bonobo Conservation Initiative. Sankuru | Jezek Z, Arita I, Mutombo M, Dunn C, Nakano J, Szczeniowski M, (1986) Four generations of probable person-to-person trans-, Jezek Z, Nakano JH, Arita I, Mutombo M, Szczeniowski M, Dunn, C (1987) Serological survey for human monkeypox infections in. Das Gebiet der heutigen Provinz Sankuru gehörte seit der Unabhängigkeit der DR Kongo zu verschiedenen Provinzen. Structure. Daneben gibt es noch Busch- und Savannengebiete. Make the web a more beautiful place. This paper critically evaluates and discusses some of the methodological practicalities of applying a combined participatory and small-scale survey approach to investigating rural livelihood strategies of people living in the humid forest zone of Southwest Cameroon, Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Ghana, with particular reference to assessing the economic importance of non-timber forest products. Some vector-borne diseases have dispensed with the need for amplification in wild or domestic animals and they can now be directly transmitted to humans. Download Trends Top Benchmarks for 'SANKURU - MANIEMA'. Look at Sankuru, Kasai-Oriental, Democratic Republic of the Congo from different perspectives. Parker S, Nuara A, Buller RM, Schultz DA (2007) Human mon-, Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-, Ruche F, et al. NHPs, bats, and rodents (in-, cluding rats, mice, squirrels, and porcupines) are known or, suspected reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and have. the Three Rainforest Basins, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. SES categorization is based on calculated wealth index derived from the following, and motorcycle. mh_atlas_img_load = (function() { Free map; west north east. ', '7__1_2':'Outside area filled with a single color. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("adm1", ["823", "kasai-oriental", "Kasai-Oriental"]); You can copy, print or embed the map very easily. The design of control strategies for vectorborne diseases should be guided by research into emergence mechanisms in order to understand how a wild cycle can produce a pathogen that goes on to cause devastating urban epidemics. mh_archivovat_pak = ''; This migration event may have been related to the effects of the peak phase of Lufilian deformation in the Katanga Basin to the SE. To further de-, scribe differences across sex and age and assess for possible, effect measure modification, we performed multivar, logistic models including age, sex, and age–sex interaction, provide responses to the animal contact survey and thus, were excluded from the final study population, in sensi-, tivity analyses we assessed the impact of this missingness on, findings using inverse probability censoring weights (Cole. Enrich your website with hiqh quality map graphics. All projections from a sphere to a plane are distorted. Maps are assembled and kept in a high resolution vector format throughout the entire process of their creation. Click to select this style. Click to apply this effect. Kwilu | Volume 41, Issue 1. Therefore, interrupting virus transmission from animals to humans is key to combatting this disease. At 30,570 square kilometers (11,800 square miles), the Sankuru Nature Reserve is the world’s largest continuous protected area for great apes. Unlimited viewing of the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures. Our results provide a useful comparison to West and Central Africa where "bushmeat hunting" is the predominant paradigm for human-wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. Embed the above physical map of Sankuru into your website. Estimates from the Congo Basin suggest that over 282, grams of bushmeat is consumed per person per day, with, nearly 5 million tons of bushmeat extracted annually, in Central Africa have increased over the past two decades, and the demand for bushmeat increase, this will lead, increases in the exposure of humans to potentially, agents. All areas outside of the borders of Sankuru partly desaturated to almost grayscale colors. In addition to the bonobo, the Sankuru Reserve contains the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), an exotic short necked forest giraffe also native to the DRC, but not previously found outside of their known range far to the northeast. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("stat", ["58", "democratic-republic-congo", "Democratic Republic of the Congo"]); Report. Conclusions Australian hunters frequently used dogs to assist in hunts of birds and introduced mammals, particularly where access was difficult because of rough terrain or thick vegetation. demiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology. Furthermore, while exposure information, collected on a wide variety of wild animals, in-depth, analyses were limited to species most likely to carry pa-, thogenic zoonotic agents. Due to the observed widespread animal con, our study population, these data are useful in the creation, of targeted public health interventions directed at the hu-, man–animal interface. This physical map is nice. In southeastern Cameroon, a region with a history of zoonotic emergence and high risk of future spillovers, we conducted a novel mixed-method field study of human physical exposure to multiple NHP species, incorporating participant-based and ecological methodologies, and qualitative interviews (n = 25). Eine 2005 beschlossene Verwaltungsreform sah vor, dem Distrikt Sankuru den Provinzstatus zu erteilen. While local names and photograp, were used to minimize exposure misclassification, it is, possible that participants may have mistaken one animal, Activities Among Study Participants, Sankuru Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (. Außerdem leben zahlreiche Affen- und Schimpansenformen in dem Gebiet. Given the, range of biodiversity and high frequency of exposure to, animals, remembering the specifics of contacts within. important outbreaks of human disease (Wolfe et al. 3 Sankuru … Search. Odds of seropositivity were higher for study participants older than 15 years of age and for males. Sorry, it\'s not possible to turn off this option for this map. While simian foamy virus (SFV) infection was reported in primate hunters in Cameroon and Gabon, little is known about the distribution of SFV in Africa and whether human-to-human transmission and disease occur. Statistical Division. googletag.defineSlot('/114450422/Maphill_com_Map_adm2_BTF_LeaderBoard_728x90', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-Map-adm2-BTF-LeaderBoard-728x90').addService(googletag.pubads()); Sankuru’s most important supporters are generous donors like you. ', '2__1_4':'Apply hill-shading to the outside map. In: Direction i, (editors), Kinshasa: Ministry of, Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS (2004) The challenge of. (2013) Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in. ', '2__1_3':'Desaturate the outer map. These fine-grained results encourage reconsideration of the likely dynamics of human-NHP contact in past and future NTD emergence events. Note for Surveying-1 - s-1 | lecture notes, notes, PDF free download, engineering notes, university notes, best pdf notes, semester, sem, year, for all, study material Working off-campus? soil, water, have revealed to be more or less dangerous pathogens for people exposed to these new natural threats, i.e. Our finding of endemic foci of SFV infection in DRC will facilitate longitudinal studies to determine the potential for person-to-person transmissibility and pathogenicity of these zoonotic retroviral infections. Do you think the maps are too beautiful not to be painted? insights into risks for potential new cross-species transmissions. The activities and animals to which subjects had contact varied by sex and age. conflict of interest with regard to this publication. With a login you can add a company, sector or zipcode to your alerts. Maphill presents the map of Sankuru in a wide variety of map types and styles. Reports of animal exposures varied from one. The activities and animals to which subjects had contact varied by sex and age. Sankuru are heavily hunted for food and income (above). The, majority of the population reported eating animals, with, cooking and butchering or skinning as the other frequent, animal activities; however, only a small proportio, population reported hunting. Black shales in the BIIc subgroup have TOC contents of 0.5–1%, and the organic matter is interpreted to have been derived from precursor Type I / II kerogen. For cooking, we found a similar pattern of, association for rodents, duikers, and NHPs: females across, all age groups were more likely to cook than their male, counterparts and the relationship is strongest for tho-, cooking for bats was consistent regardless of age, women were approximately three times as likely to report, this behavior compared to their male counterparts (OR, While human exposure to wild animals was pervasive, the, mode of contact varied by age group and sex. This is well illustrated by some retroviruses, as the simian immunodeficiency viruses and the simian T lymphotropic viruses, which have the ability to cross-species, adapt to a new host and sometimes spread. mh_fade_obrazky($$('#mmo_kwicks img')); extreme poverty in Democratic Republic of Congo. Our Sector Top offers an advanced analysis of the sector 'Restaurants, pubs'. Most villages in this region are located in small, clearings of tropical forest, surrounded by agricultural, selected villages were eligible for enrollment. Compare hotel prices in Sankuru and save money. })(); with increasing age) and men were more likely to butcher, We then assessed multivariate logistic regression, analyses between age, sex, and their interaction with ani. Categories for, socioeconomic status were created as follows: low (0 re-, ported assets), middle (1–2 reported assets), high (, We initially ran frequency distributions for populati, characteristics and wild animal exposures (both activity, and taxa) to describe the population. (2014) Beyond bushmeat: animal contact, injury. Maphill maps are and will always be available for free. implementation, and editing the manuscript. Demography can affect personal nutritional behavior, and thus rates of contact to NHP bushmeat. On the other hand, a recent study in the Taı, te d’Ivoire observed that the type of contact, ). Discover the beauty hidden in the maps. In: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European, Organization WH (1996) Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Paige SB, Frost SD, Gibson MA, Jones JH, Shankar A, Switzer. Cole SR, Hernan MA (2008) Constructing inverse probability. Green color represents lower elevations, orange or brown indicate higher elevations, shades of grey are used for the highest mountain ranges in the world. Due to the high level of biological diversity in the Congo Basin and human population dependence, Zoonosis, Wild animal exposure, Hunting, Butchering, Emerging infections, Spillover, ) contains supplementary material, which is available to autho-. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. This style is currently shown. Die Einwohnerzahl der Provinz betrug im Jahr 2015 2.110.000 Einwohner, die Hauptstadt ist Lusambo. Wolfe ND, Switzer WM, Carr JK, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, et al. wg_archivovat('_uvodni', 'ajax/democratic-republic-congo/kasai-oriental/sankuru/maps/physical-map/?_uvodni=1&_lehni=1&_say_goodbye=1&_jtzs=a&_j[]=mm&_bi=1&_archiv=1', wg_adresa_cela); Includes the following animals: squirrel, porcupine, gambian rat, rat, African dormouse, and mouse. Thin section studies showed that porosity in samples of these carbonates is mainly vuggy and mouldic with well‐developed fractures, and secondary porosity is up to 12%. Please log in. /* kvuli IE */ Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, on bushmeat, the DRC represents an ideal location for expanding knowledge on wild animal exposures and, thus the potential for transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Additionally, human immunodeficiency virus, evolved from related viruses of non-human primates and, likely eventually entered into human population. The best is that Maphill lets you look at Sankuru from many different perspectives. Sequence analysis detected SFV in three women originating from Angolan colobus or red-tailed monkeys; both monkeys are hunted frequently in DRC. Pathogens such as bacteria, parasites and viruses are primarily maintained within an enzootic cycle between populations of non-human primates or other mammals and largely non-anthropophilic vectors. Support. Previous studies suggest that cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) may go unreported because they are asymptomatic or unrecognized, but evidence is limited by study designs and sample size. Switzer WM, Tang S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Shankar A, Hanson DL, Zheng H, et al. Elevated exposure levels to non-human primates (NHP) and NHP bushmeat represent major risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. RHD assisted with data cleaning and manuscript editing; PMM, NKK, EOW and JJM participated in study design. Combined with the broad behavioral risk and distribution of NHPs across DRC, our results suggest that SFV infection may have a wider geographic distribution within DRC. if (! wg_jeste_like = '

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