sahara occidental conflit

Marlioz, le 31 décembre 2020

It was intended to replace the Settlement Plan of 1991 and the Houston Agreement of 1997, which had effectively failed to make any lasting improvement. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other locations throughout the world. Algeria has refused to qualify itself as a "stakeholder" and has defined itself as an "observer". [68] Also present at the negotiations were the neighboring countries of Algeria and Mauritania, a nod to the role they play in the ongoing conflict. Unlike the Organization of African Unity which has strongly backed Western Sahara's right to self-determination, the Arab League has shown little interest in the area. Even though Algeria has no official claim to Western Sahara, some experts see that the Sahara conflict represents a domestic political issue for the country. [53], Members of European Parliament passed the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) in February 2019 which established an agreement for European Fishing vessels to fish in Moroccan territory and laid out plans for a transition towards a sustainable fishing model. Derrière le soutien de l’Algérie au Polisario, il y a aussi la possibilité, dans la perspective d’un Etat indépendant mais vassal, d’avoir accès à la façade atlantique. Le conflit est programmé pour durer. Le Sahara Occidental serait indépendant sans l’intervention de la France Le représentant du Front Polisario en France, Mohamed Sidati a déclaré que le rôle négatif que joue la France dans le conflit au Sahara occidental complique … Des dizaines de milliers de Sahraouis, fuyant les bombardements marocains, se réfugient dans des camps installés autour de Tindouf, dans le sud-ouest algérien. While the protests were initially peaceful, they were later marked by clashes between civilians and security forces, resulting in dozens of casualties on both sides. En février 1976, il proclame la République arabe sahraouie démocratique (RASD), un Etat non reconnu internationalement, qui réclame la souveraineté du territoire. 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At the time, most of the Western Sahara territory remained under Moroccan control, while the Polisario controlled some 20% of the territory in its capacity as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, with additional pockets of control in the Sahrawi refugee camps along the Algerian border. En 1979, le Polisario gagne une manche en réussissant, après une guerre d’embuscade et un changement de régime à Nouakchott, à sortir la Mauritanie du jeu. [91] In 2019 they accused the government of using Article 381 of Morocco's penal code to restrict freedom of the press. Sous un parasol avec une règle et un crayon ils ont (français) annexé des territoires marocain. At the heart of the dispute lies the question of who qualifies as a potential voter; the Polisario has insisted on only allowing those found on the 1974 Spanish Census lists (see below) to vote, while Morocco has insisted that the census was flawed by evasion and sought the inclusion of members of Sahrawi tribes which escape from Spanish invasion to the north of Morocco by the 19th century. Depuis, les gestes se succèdent, dans un sens ou dans l’autre. Ma al-Aynayn the Saharan pro-Moroccan caïd of Tindouf and Smara named by the Moroccan sultan started an uprising against the French in 1910 in response to French attempts to expand their influence and control in North-West Africa. France : «Le conflit du Sahara occidental n’a que trop duré». In 2019 Amnesty International called for an investigation into a violent crackdown on protestors that took place on July 19, in the city of Laayoune. Despite an initial outburst of support, the 2011 protests largely subsided on their own by May 2011. [72] To date, all negotiations have failed to resolve the dispute. Les deux pays sont alors proches du camp soviétique. Il est également demandeur d'une reprise pour séparer la relation algéro-marocaine de l'affaire du Sahara occidental. The First Sahrawi Intifada formed a part of the wider and still ongoing Western Sahara conflict. En 1830 la France s'incruste en Algérie (ex empire ottoman ). The Polisario Front accepted this voter list, as it had done with the previous list presented by the UN (both of them originally based on the Spanish census of 1974), but Morocco refused. Elle s’installe aussi au sud, là où le Sahara rejoint l’Atlantique, dans une très longue bande de terre. Le Maroc conforte sa position  Dans les années 1980, pour lutter contre les avancées ennemies, il érige un immense mur de 2.700 km, soigneusement gardé par ses soldats et une technologie obligeamment fournie par Washington, dessinant une longue frontière au milieu du territoire. As a result of the passage of this resolution, the parties involved met in Manhasset, New York to once again try and settle the dispute. The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. –, l'Espagne cède aux demandes de Rabat et de son allié de Nouakchott. Au Timor comme au Sahara Occidental, l'indépendance est irréversible . United Nations Visiting Mission to Spanish Sahara, 1975, General Assembly, 30th Session, Supplement 23, UN DocumentA/10023/Rev. Le tiers sud du territoire ira à la Mauritanie, les deux tiers nord au Maroc. The First Sahrawi Intifada began in 1999 and lasted until 2004,[24] transforming into the Independence Intifada in 2005. Philippe Randrianarimanana. Du coup, cette question n’est plus un « problème régional ». In 2006 the Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS) proposed a plan for the autonomy of Western Sahara and made visits to a number of countries to explain and gather support for their proposal. Les faits À la demande de l’Allemagne, le conseil de sécurité de l’ONU doit se … [19] The city was promptly rebuilt[citation needed], and Sahrawi resistance continued for the following twenty years. La France s’est félicitée, vendredi 11 décembre, de l’officialisation des relations diplomatiques entre le Maroc et Israël, estimant qu’il s’agit de «deux partenaires essentiels» Since early 2005, the UN Secretary-General has not referred to the plan in his reports, and by now it seems largely dead. « Le processus politique a montré ses limites » « Quand il y a une impasse diplomatique, et c’est le cas pour le conflit au Sahara occidental, il faut que la situation sur le terrain crée une nouvelle dynamique.C’est l’objectif des Sahraouis », analyse un ancien diplomate pour TSA, sous couvert de l’anonymat. In 1884, Spain claimed a protectorate over the coast from Cape Bojador to Cap Blanc. A Genève, mercredi 5 et jeudi 6 décembre, se retrouvent pour en parler les représentants des quatre grands protagonistes de cette affaire, le Maroc, la Mauritanie, le Front Polisario et l’Algérie. These protests are considered the Western Saharan branch of the Arab Spring series of popular demonstrations and uprisings. IV. Le conflit enlisé depuis plus de cinquante ans au Sahara occidental a resurgi au premier plan. Human Rights Watch called for the release of the political prisoners reporting that they had been held in harsh conditions and tortured to sign sign confessions, a direct violation of international law. Several international human rights organizations have accused the Moroccan government of imposing a media blackout in the region by targeting protestors and journalists. Human Rights Watch called on the Moroccan government to amend the article to ensure it did not apply to journalists. L’Espagne occupe le Rif, la province du nord (sans Tanger, transformée en ville internationale). In 2018 the United Nations Security Counsel announced that peace talks regarding the Western Sahara territory would resume and delegates of the Polisario Front, Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania would all be present. 173", "Morocco severs ties with Iran, accusing it of backing Polisario Front", "Morocco Flexes Its Muscles Over Western Sahara: An Analysis of Rabat's Standoff With Tehran", "Pourquoi le Maroc a rompu ses relations avec l'Iran", "The EU, Morocco, and the Western Sahara: a chance for justice", "The Republic of Liberia Opens Consulate General in Dakhla", "New African consulates cause trouble for Western Sahara | DW | 31.03.2020", "MEPs adopt new Fisheries Partnership with Morocco including Western Sahara | News | European Parliament", "MEPs: Seek European Court's Opinion on EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement's Compatibility with International Law", "98 Saharawi groups call on European Parliament to reject fish deal - wsrw.org", "EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement: Polisario Front to file complaint before CJEU", "Morocco adds Western Sahara waters to its maritime borders | AW staff", "Obama reverses Bush-backed Morocco plan in favor of Polisario state", "U.S. proposes U.N. Western Sahara rights monitor; Morocco warns of "missteps, Morocco’s autonomy proposal "can’t be the only basis in these negotiations," says Samuel L. Kaplan, "Trump announces Israel and Morocco will normalize relations", "Israel and Morocco agree to normalise relations in latest Trump-brokered deal", "TIMELINE: Western Sahara, a 50-year-old dispute", http://moroccanamericanpolicy.com/MoroccanCompromiseSolution041107.pdf, "Morocco and Polisario Front to hold second meeting to resolve 32-year dispute", "Western Sahara: UN-led talks end with parties pledging to step up negotiations", "Secretary-General appoints Peter van Walsum of the Netherlands as Personal Envoy for Western Sahara", "First Western Sahara talks at UN in six years, begin in Geneva", "Le Front Polisario déplore l'"inaction" et "le silence" du Conseil de sécurité", "Search for New UN Personal Envoy for Western Sahara is Ongoing", Cuadro de zonas de división del Sáhara Occidental, "Numerous reports from the Official Portal of the Government of Morocco refer to the area as a "buffer zone, "FMO Research Guide, Western Sahara. The first round of talks took place on 18–19 June 2007,[69] during which both parties agreed to resume talks on 10–11 August. and extended the MINURSO mission until 31 October 2007. [40][41] Stressing the role played by Algerian officers in allegedly interrogating and torturing the Moroccan POWs, France Libertés states in its report on The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria) that "the involvement of Algeria in the conflict is well known". Evidemment, on trouve derrière les arguties juridiques des questions autrement plus essentielles, qui expliquent l’enlisement. Accueil; Monde; Le conflit du Sahara occidental au menu de l’ONU. On 30 April 2007, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1754, which both urged the involved parties to "enter into direct negotiations without preconditions and in good faith." Le Maroc dégaine le plus vite. [32] In an interview with the Public Broadcasting Service, in August 2004, James Baker, former personal envoy of the United Nations Secretary to Western Sahara, identified Morocco and Algeria as being both the "two chief protagonists" of the conflict. De l’autre, les 20% contrôlés par le Polisario. The Independence Intifada[2] or the Second Sahrawi Intifada (intifada is Arabic for "uprising") and also May Intifada[25] is a Sahrawi activist term for a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots which broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. After the passing of the agreement a petition signed by leading Saharawi activist organizations in the region was penned to the E.U condemning the decision,[56] and the Polisario Front announced it will challenge the vote in the European Court of Justice stating it was in clear violation of international law. While protests were initially peaceful, they were later marked by clashes between civilians and security forces. novembre 13, 2020. A qui doit revenir ce que l’on appelle encore le "Sahara espagnol" ? [38][39] This remains a source of much tension between the two countries. Plus de trente ans après son déclenchement, qui se traduira par une guerre, des déplacements de population et le cessez-le-feu de 1991 qui a figé les positions militaires, l’issue de ce conflit paraît toujours aussi lointaine. J-C jusqu'aux conflit israélo-palestinien - Duration: 8:01. In 1971, a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro. Raids and rebellions by the indigenous Sahrawi population kept the Spanish forces out of much of the Spanish-claimed territory for a long time. L’affaire du Sahara occidental en est un des abcès de fixation en Afrique. [45] Morocco's expansionist ambitions caused strains, including a temporary rupture of relations with Tunisia. La France fait de la majeure partie du pays son "protectorat". [80] Women have been "responsible for much of the administration of the camps. On November 14, 2020, SADR president Brahim Ghali announced that he had signed a decree bringing the 29 year old ceasefire to an end, citing an incident two days prior in which the Moroccan army forcibly entered a crossing within the buffer zone that was being blocked by protesters - acts which the SADR considered a declaration of war. After several more engagements between 1989 and 1991, a cease-fire agreement was reached between the Polisario Front and the Moroccan government. [88] The protests began as celebrations for Algeria's win in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, and eventually escalated into demonstrations for Sahrawi self-determination and clashes with Moroccan security forces. The Polisario Front, backed by Algeria and Libya, desiring instead the establishment an independent Sahrawi state in the territory, fought both Mauritania and Morocco in quick succession, in an attempt to drive their forces out of the region. Marruecos viola el alto el fuego y el Ejército Popular de Liberación Saharaui responde a esta nueva violación, SPS 13.11.20. The talks between the Moroccan government and the Polisario Front were considered the first direct negotiations in seven years between the two parties, and hailed as a landmark in the peace process. Synthèse. The first roundtable was held on December 5 and 6, while a new roundtable was scheduled for March 21 and 22. ACTUALITES - NEWS - NOTICIAS. Moroccan authorities rebutted the condemnation saying Al-Batal had crashed into a police car and resisted arrest, however these claims were disputed in an investigation on the incident published by The Washington Post. [citation needed]. Sahara occidental : 45 ans de conflits et de négociations "au point mort" Premier site d'informations de l'Afrique de l'ouest | seneweb.com As of 2010[update], negotiations over the terms of any potential referendum have not resulted in any substantive action. [65] By 2001, the process had reached a stalemate, and the UN Secretary-General asked the parties for the first time to explore other solutions. Vous avez choisi de ne pas accepter le dépôt de cookies, notamment les cookies de publicité personnalisée. L'extension du conflit, 1976 - 1988 . [58], The Obama administration disassociated itself from the Moroccan autonomy plan in 2009, however, reversing the Bush-backed support of the Moroccan plan, and returning to a pre-Bush position, wherein the option of an independent Western Sahara is on the table again. The refugee camps were set up in the Tindouf Province, Algeria in 1975–76 for the benefit of Sahrawi refugees fleeing from Moroccan forces during the Western Sahara War. [33] Some third parties have called for both Morocco and Algeria to negotiate directly to find a solution for the conflict. No replacement plan exists, however, and worries persist that the political vacuum will result in renewed fighting. L'Algérie n'existe pas. [59], In April 2013, the United States proposed that MINURSO monitored human rights (as all the other UN mission since 1991) in Western Sahara, a move that Morocco strongly opposed, cancelling the annual African Lion military exercises with U.S. Army troops. Le Front Polisario (une forme abrégée, en espagnol, de Front populaire pour la libération de la Saguia el Hamra et du Rio de Oro) fondé en 1973, qui entend les représenter, plaide, comme le prévoit d’ailleurs l’ONU en pareil cas, pour un référendum d’autodétermination qui pourrait conduire à l’indépendance. The questions of mutual recognition, establishment of a possible Sahrawi state and the large numbers of Sahrawi refugees displaced by the conflict are among the key issues of the ongoing Western Sahara peace process. [55] While the text of the agreement claimed that the fisheries will have no impact on the ongoing conflict, the agreement was denounced by various Saharawi groups. [61], On December 10, 2020, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would officially recognize Morocco's claims over Western Sahara, in exchange for Morocco agreeing to normalize relations with Israel.[62][63]. The SADR claims the Moroccan-built road is illegal, as it was built after the 1991 United Nations-brokered truce. La Mauritanie en revendique la petite partie méridionale. [70] An additional round of talks was held from 18 to 19 March 2008, but once again no major agreement was reached. Many public and private buildings and vehicles were burned in the city.[26]. The plan was presented to the UN Security Council in April 2007,[66] and has received the backing of both the United States of America and France.[67]. in June 2019, a video of Moroccan authorities violently dragging and beating prominent Sahrawi journalist Walid Al-Batal circulated across the internet. L’Algérie a fait savoir qu’elle ne voyait dans ces déclarations que des gesticulations médiatiques. Le fait est que, dans le pays, la souveraineté marocaine sur le Sahara occidental est l’objet d’un consensus qui rassemble à peu près toutes les sensibilités. Le titre de l'article est Comprendre le conflit au Sahara occidental, alors cher monsieur vous n'avez rien compris. Citing the Spanish approach to regional autonomy, the Moroccan government plans to model any future agreement after the cases of the Canary Islands, Basque Country, Andalusia or Catalonia. Deux ans plus tard, le Maroc quitte l'institution l'institution en signe de protestation. Quelque 350.000 Marocains sans armes, dont des femmes, des enfants et des vieillards, forcent la frontière et pénètrent dans le territoire convoité. [45], Morocco has argued that the Polisario Front receives support from Hezbollah, Iran, and al-Qaida. Au début du XXe siècle, la France et l’Espagne se partagent le Maroc, vieux sultanat, alors chancelant. (s/2001/613 Paragraph 54)", "Sahara Marathon: Host Interview Transcript", "US Ambassador urges dialogue between Morocco and Algeria", "The Polisario Front – Credible Negotiations Partner or After Effect of the Cold War and Obstacle to a Political Solution in Western Sahara? Nous respectons votre choix. Vous avez publié votre avis en omettant l'original. The Baker Plan (formally, Peace Plan for Self-Determination of the People of Western Sahara) was a United Nations initiative led by James Baker to grant self-determination to Western Sahara, and was formulated in the year 2000. The Moroccan government has not yet commented on these claims.[27][28][29]. Pour la retrouver, il faut en revenir à l’histoire coloniale. [83], The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human rights abuses, most notably the aerial bombardments with napalm and white phosphorus of the Sahrawi refugee camps,[84] the exodus of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, and the forced expropriation and expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan expatriate civilians by the Algerian government in reaction to the Green March. Later, the Spanish extended their area of control. During the events one civilian was killed and hundreds wounded. [83] The Polisario call the Berm the "wall of shame" while Morocco calls it a "defensive wall", "wall of sand" or "security wall". Its first Secretary General was El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed. La France fait de la majeure partie du pays son "protectorat". The Sahara Press Service later said that Polisario fighters had attacked Moroccan positions along different parts of the frontline, which stretches hundreds of miles across the desert. M. Rahabi déplore la décision du Maroc de faire intervenir des acteurs étrangers dans le conflit au Sahara occidental. [citation needed] The 1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara, headed by Simeon Aké, concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighboring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was by far the most powerful political force in the country.[23]. En attendant qu’un miracle sorte enfin des négociations de Genève, le Sahara occidental est donc un des derniers pays divisés du monde et une partie de sa population vit depuis quatre décennies en exil, dans des camps de fortune. According to maps from MINURSO[81] or the UNHCR,[82] part of the wall extends several kilometers into internationally recognized Mauritanian territory. After the events of the Zemla Intifada in 1970, when Spanish police forcibly disbanded the organization and "disappeared" its founder, Muhammad Bassiri, Sahrawi nationalism again swung towards militarism. On peut imaginer que le départ de Bouteflika puisse changer la donne. On a beaucoup écrit, depuis 1975, que la Marche verte a été une grande opération de communication d’Hassan II. Les 450 000 Sahraouis se sont éparpillés Le Conseil se félicite du fait que la situation au Sahara occidental est restée relativement calme, tandis que le cessez-le-feu tient toujours et que les parties respectent le mandat de la MINURSO. [94] Al-Batal was sentenced to six years in prison. After attempting in vain to gain backing from several Arab governments, including both Algeria and Morocco itself, the movement only succeeded in obtaining support from Libya and Mauritania. Although the United Nations officially considers Morocco and the Polisario Front as the main parties to the conflict, former UN Secretary-General Mr. Kofi Annan viewed Algeria as a stakeholder in the Western Sahara conflict and has invited Algeria, "to engage as a party in these discussions and to negotiate, under the auspices of my Kofi Annan's Personal Envoy". The conflict escalated after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords. Se trata de un territorio estratégico y rico en recursos naturales que, durante casi un siglo, fue parte de España y que, actualmente, se encuentra bajo dominio mayoritario de Marruecos, país vecino. The statement reiterated the Polisario Front's request that the UN organize a free referendum within Western Sahara on their self-governing status. The rebellious territory was finally subdued in 1934, after joint Spanish and French forces destroyed Smara for a second time. To date, large parts of Western Sahara are controlled by the Moroccan Government and known as the Southern Provinces, whereas some 20% of the Western Sahara territory remains controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), the Polisario state with limited international recognition. Constructed in six stages, from 1980 to 1987, five 'breaches' along the wall allow Moroccan troops the right of pursuit. Sahara occidental : un conflit post-colonial qui n'a que trop duré. On est toujours, dans les années 1970-1980, en pleine guerre froide. [95], In the 2020 World Press Freedom Rankings reported on the treatment of journalists and independent media outlets in Morocco and Western Sahara rating it 133rd out of 180 countries. [74] Currently the position of United Nations envoy to Western Sahara is empty and the Security Counsel is actively seeking a replacement. In 1956, the Ifni War, initiated by the Moroccan Army of Liberation, marked renewed conflict in the region; after two years of war, the Spanish forces regained control, again with French aid. ", a Brussels-based commercial firm in the domain of counselling, "The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)", "Telquel – Maroc/Algérie.Bluff et petites manœuvres", "Khadija Mohsen-Finan Le règlement du conflit du Sahara occidental à l'épreuve de la nouvelle donne régionale", "France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). [43] The ceasefire was upheld until 13 November 2020 when the Moroccan army enterd into the demilitarized town of Guerguerat, and the Saharawi authorities responded by declaring that the ceasefire was broken and the SPLA armed forces attacked Maroccan army positions along the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall. L’ancien diplomate Abdelaziz Rahabi s’est exprimé sur les derniers développements du conflit du Sahara Occidental, pointant du doigt la France. Voulant prouver sa bonne volonté, le Maroc a adhéré à nouveau à l’Union africaine en 2017. [77], In addition, the Polisario Front has a full autonomous control of the Sahrawi refugee camps. Efforts by the UN special envoys to find common ground between both parties did not succeed. The Moroccans have been more successful regarding the Western Sahara. Tras varias décadas de conflicto intermitente, la situación del Sáhara Occidental sigue siendo uno de los asuntos de carácter internacional más complejos de resolver. [91] Spanish news agency Europa Press later criticized Moroccan authorities for expelling international observers from the public trail.[92]. SADR was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. on December 4, 2018 Moroccan forces arrested Nezha El Khalidi under Article 381 for live-streaming a Sahrawi protest and subsequently failing to meet the qualifications of a journalist. Le simple fait qu’Horst Köhler, ancien président allemand devenu le médiateur de l’ONU sur ce dossier, ait réussi à les installer tous autour d’une table est déjà assez rare pour ne pas être salué. Le seul problème est que, de l’autre côté de la frontière, les Algériens sont également d’accord, toutes tendances confondues, pour estimer que les Marocains ont tort de penser ainsi.

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