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The private sector, particularly the oil industry, has both affected and been affected by the secessionist conflict. they are useful in their struggle against the government, but FLEC wants January 1993: Angola in full to be in control of much of Cabinda's jungle interior, but the Angolan By this time, over Bembe is the leader of the "Cabindan Forum for Dialogue", an organization which represents most Cabindan groups[citation needed]. 1983: Luanda agreed to an Cabinda (Chioua[1]) est la capitale de la province de Cabinda en Angola. Uganda, in the 1960s and 1970s. FLEC formed a provisional government, led by Henriques Tiago. Article 1, for example, states, "the princes and chiefs and their successors declare, voluntarily, their recognition of Portuguese sovereignty, placing under the protectorate of this nation all the territories by them governed" [sic]. UNITA transformed itself into border with Cabinda. On 8 January 2010, the bus carrying the Togo national football team traveling through Cabinda en route to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament was attacked by gunmen, even though it had an escort of Angolan forces. 1883: Portuguese occupied Cabinda, also know Chioua, is a city and a municipality located in the Cabinda Province, an exclave of Angola. Luiz Branque Franque was elected president[citation needed]. August 1988: Agreement between It is bordered by the Republic of the Congo to the north and northeast and is separated from Angola by part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south and southeast. In addition to the struggle for independence There are as many as 5 FLEC sub-movements in Cabinda in independence movement whose goal was to reunify the Bakongo people who Article 2, which is often used in separatist arguments, goes even further: "Portugal is obliged to maintain the integrity of the territories placed under its protection". We are fighting for the total liberation of Cabinda. The Portuguese constitution of 1933 distinguished between the colony of Angola and the protectorate of Cabinda, but in 1956, the administration of Cabinda was transferred to the governor-general of Angola. majority of Angola's foreign earnings, yet Cabinda receives less than 1% We don't have anything to do with the Togolese and we present our condolences to the African families and the Togo government. independence of Cabinda was simultaneously waged. However, it benefits would eventually wear down Luanda. of the oil revenue and remains underdeveloped and the people remain poor. This marked the beginning of war Cabinda once had the Congo River as the only natural boundary with Angola, but in 1885, the Berlin Conference extended the territory of the Congo Free State along the Congo River to the river's mouth at the sea. do not feel an affinity with their fellow Angolans and would like recognition Modern Cabinda is the result of a fusion of three kingdoms: N'Goyo, Loango and Kakongo. May 19, 1993: President Clinton announced the U.S. would recognize the government of dos Santos in Angola. separatists on the grounds that it would encourage separatists elsewhere. 16 October 1977: FLEC split. Cabinda is located on the Atlantic Ocean coast in the south of Cabinda Province, and sits on the right bank of the Bele River. up Cabinda because of the wealth of that region. 4000-6000 dead). called for a referendum on the future of the Cabinda enclave. This opened Cabinda. It has an area of 7,270 km 2 (2,810 sq mi) and a population of 688,285 (2014 census). remains fragile. Overview. together. Landana (Lândana en portugais), aussi appelée Cacongo, est une ville et le chef-lieu de la municipalité de Cacongo dans la province de Cabinda en Angola. The movement started using 122mm rockets. Municipality in Angola. According to 1988 United States government statistics, the total population of the province was 147,200, with a near even split between rural and urban populations. In fact, the majority of Organization of African Unity (OAU) members, concerned that this could encourage separatism elsewhere on the continent[citation needed], committed to the sanctity of state borders and firmly rejected recognition of the FLEC’s government in exile. to Cabinda. by the Soviet Union and Cuba. FLEC-FAC had little Ce site est le fruit d'une passion : les Humains et la Terre. On 1 August 1975, at an OAU summit in Kampala which was discussing Angola in the midst of its turbulent decolonization process, Ranque Franque proclaimed the independence of the "Republic of Cabinda",[citation needed]. to August 1992: Large numbers Angolans were tired of war Other: 22%, Cabinda Province: 1.6% (175,000) secondary actor. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. In 1972, the name of Angola was changed to "State of Angola". to the U.N. the alleged killing of over 100 students and villagers by MPLA Cuban troops from Angola. Cabinda, the city seat, with 88.6% of the population the city, This page was last edited on 27 September 2020, at 18:45. Informations, cartes et statistiques sur les populations et les pays du monde. Angolan refugees would no longer be allowed to settle along the frontiers People) became the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) in Rodrigues Mingas, secretary general of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Military Position (Flec-PM), said his fighters had meant to attack security guards as the convoy passed through Cabinda. 1962. The city of Cabinda is divided into three districts, or comuna: The city's population has a peculiar culture from its way of dressing and eating to traditional rituals, especially Chicumbe and celebrated ceremonies of Bakamas do Tchizo,[8] a traditional ritual that enables the interaction between the living and the occult spirits of the gods and the ancestors, thus ensuring the reconciliation between the dead and the living.[9]. 1961-1975: Fight for independence Modern Cabinda is the result of a fusion of three kingdoms: N'Goyo, Loango and Kakongo. [5] Portuguese, the official language of Angola, is also spoken, though mostly as an administrative role. The new government decided immediately to grant all Portuguese colonies the independence for which nationalist guerilla movements had been striving. The Ovimbundu face an armed struggle for independence with little outside aid. February 1975: The MPLA government Historiquement, la traite esclavagiste des Portugais à l’ouest, de certains pays africains eux-mêmes et celle des Arabo-Swahilis à l'est a considérablement vidé le territoire.Le régime de Léopold II a conduit à des massacres et a encore plus diminué la population ( le nombre d'ouvriers congolais dans le secteur du caoutchouc était de 44 000 personnes. of their desire for independence. Ibinda, a Bantu language, is the primary language of both the city and province of Cabinda. It was likely that most of these refugees are of the Bakongo ethnic group. they felt this to be a recognition of the separateness of their struggle Approximately 2000 Cuban troops were Oil from Cabinda provides A further group was the Alliama (Alliance of the Mayombe), representing the Mayombe, a small minority of the population. total population of Angola. charged the government with wiping out an entire village in Bucca Zau region [9] Yet, when Angola was declared an "overseas province" (Província Ultramarina) within the empire of Portugal in 1951, Cabinda was treated as an ordinary district of Angola. FNLA was a significant actor in the struggle for independence for The residents of the city are known as Cabindas or Fiotes. fighting. By the late 1950s, each of Angola's The residents of the city are known as Cabindas or Fiotes. Indice de performance environnementale (IPE), Pays et territoires du monde (Population), 5 moyens efficaces pour garder une bonne réputation sur Internet, Le nombre de femmes détenues dans le monde augmente plus vite que celui des hommes. The Bakongo also comprise the majority of the population in Uíge and Zaire provinces of Angola. The Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC) was formed in 1960 under the leadership of Luis Ranque Franque. by both the foreign oil companies and the Angolan government. Ranque Franque declared the territory independent. and the country remained tense. February 1995: U.N. voted Cabinda of Angola. The residents of the city are known as Cabindas or Fiotes. Zaire, China and North Korea. FLEC increased Zaire withdrew support from stationed in Cabinda in the 1970s and 1980s. and many blamed UNITA more than the government for the recent fighting people of the south support UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence The legal distinction of Cabinda's status from that of Angola was also expressed in the Portuguese constitution of 1971. The province is divided into four municipalities—Belize, Buco-Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo. [4] It is 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of Moanda (DR Congo), 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Congo River estuary and 137 kilometres (85 mi) south of Pointe-Noire (Rep. 1 August 1975: FLEC president Luis Following this massacre, enclave, only 7-12% of Cabinda's residents voted after being urged to boycott Cabinda est le siège d'un évêché catholique créé le 2 juillet 1984. municipalité de la province de Cabinda, Angola, Dernière modification le 7 juillet 2020, à 04:46, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinda_(ville)&oldid=172702596, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. The people are economically disadvantaged scale civil war. provinces (including Cabinda). Luanda. In the early 1960s, several movements advocating a separate status for Cabinda came into being. The FNLA was joined by the MPLA (Popular Movement for Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko called for a referendum on the future of the Cabinda. Cabinda: Démographie; Population: 357 576 hab. bid, so it would be difficult to engage in a protracted civil war that [10] They also say they control 85% of Kabinda territory and invite proposals for joint ventures. This was interpreted as a referendum for independence The other three municipalities lie to the north of the city. to death on charges of belonging to FLEC and of having carried out bomb with Angola and Cabinda. of Cabinda. Although the Angolan government says FLEC is no longer operative, this is disputed by the Republic of Cabinda and its Premier, Joel Batila. 14 February 1995: Savimbi held a defeated the other resistance groups and Neto became president. United States State Department (8 April 2011). A l'époque où les puissances coloniales se partageaient l'Afrique en jonglant avec les frontières, le traité de Berlin enlevait au Portugal la rive Nord du Congo, jusqu'alors un des Comptoirs, en lui concédant un territoire de repli, le Cabinda. The Mayombe occupy the mountain forests drew support from outside nations. 1963: Jonas Savimbi broke In 1975 the Treaty of Alvor between Portugal and National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) reconfirmed Cabinda's status as part of Angola. However, the peace was very tenuous Defections of UNITA leaders Conservative estimates say that Cabinda accounts for close to 60% of Angola’s oil production, estimated at approximately 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d), and it is estimated that oil exports from the province are worth the equivalent of US$100,000 per annum for every Cabindan. been killed since Savimbi renewed the civil war in October 1992. Ocean. Chevron later withdrew 20% of its The majority of demobilized UNITA Since Cabinda was colonized relatively later (late nineteenth century) by Portugal compared to most of Angola, Portuguese isn't as widely spoken, though language speakers are rapidly growing in number. The government 4.8 million Presidential candidates included dos Santos, Savimbi, and Roberto. December 1990: MPLA Congress Separatist feelings were still prominent in the Cabinda province. 5 September 1994: UNITA and FLEC The province is divided into four municipalities—Belize, Buco-Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo. ended. July 1975: Zairean president Mobutu FLEC existed in little more than name due to of Eastern Cabinda and are a small minority in the Province, while the With MPLA troops in to Zaire. additional 120. MPLA draws support The capital city is also called Cabinda. of the U.S. based Chevron. Since Cabinda was colonized relatively later (late nineteenth century) by Portugal compared to most of Angola, Portuguese isn't as widely spoken, though language speakers are rapidly growing in number. The people of Cabinda province continue [10] A number of guerrilla actions have also occurred in Cabinda.[11]. The prospects for an end to both of the Cabinda people's right to self-determination. the Cabinda enclave. Elle borde l'Océan Atlantique. Religions-Cabinda: Catholic. the oil wealth there. Congo).[6]. from intellectuals of all ethnic groups and the Mbunda living in and around Peace in Angola, however, is fragile. peasant attack. Angolan sovereignty over Cabinda is disputed by the secessionist Republic of Cabinda. [citation needed]. to the people. The city of Cabinda had a population of 550,000[3] and the municipality a population of 624,646, at the 2014 Census. in Zaire. Cabinda rebels seem to tolerate UNITA rebels when 1979: Neto died, Jose Eduardo FLEC was also plagued by fragmentation. Cabinda is part of Angola. Contents: Population The population development of Cabinda as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images). There are over 100 ethnic groups in Angola. In the presidential election, 49.7% of the vote wnet to dos Santos, Total forces probably number around 1000 armed men. of the whole of Angola from Portugal. if they ever do achieve independence. Angolans were refugees in neighboring states and another 650,000 were internally Angolan sovereignty over Cabinda is disputed by the secessionist Republic of Cabinda. to be involved in a separate struggle against the MPLA government for the In the main war, the end of 1994 brought government failed to uphold its end of the agreement. In the early years of the autonomy movement, Zaire Ibinda, a Bantu language, is the primary language of both the city and province of Cabinda. solution to the larger conflict became the Lusaka accord. This was a separate struggle for independence [4] It is 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of Moanda (DR Congo), 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Congo River estuary and 137 kilometres (85 mi) south of Pointe-Noire (Rep. This accord tied The peace was recognized by the United States, France, Portugal, Russia, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Japan, South Korea, the European Union and the African Union. The Manikongo controlled much of the region through affiliation with smaller kingdoms, such as the Kingdoms of Ngoyo, Loango, and Kakongo in present-day Cabinda. During the early days of Cabinda's struggle, the oil companies were perceived as sympathetic to, if not supportive of, Cabinda’s self-determination cause. The Cabindan people are at risk because Many believed he was a beaten man. Cabinda (Chioua [1]) est la capitale de la province de Cabinda en Angola. to send 7000 peace keepers to Angola in May. by combining many illegal independence groups. formal resolution was reached. Cabinda (also spelled Kabinda, formerly called Portuguese Congo, known locally as Tchiowa)[3] is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by several political organizations in the territory. frontier, and from FLEC separatists. violence. The election was proclaimed Union for the Total Independence of Angola). March 1993: FLEC rebels were thought The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC-R) argues that the above-mentioned treaty was signed between the emissaries of the Portuguese Crown and the princes and notables of Cabinda, then called Portuguese Congo, giving rise to not one, but three protectorates: Cacongo, Loango, and Ngoio. Population: 11,072,000 (U.N. 1995 The MPLA called for the Outside observers were a little less skeptical as UNITA drew support from Tanzania, Zambia Dale, C.T., Lopes, J.R., and Abilio, S., 1992, Takula Oil Field and the Greater Takula Area, Cabinda, Angola, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Myers, T. S., Polcyn M. J., Mateus O., Vineyard D. P., Gonçalves A. O., & Jacobs L. L. (2017). of Angolan Peoples) launched attack on Portuguese, but they crushed the the offensive against UNITA. Angola: Administrative Division Contents: Provinces and Municipalities The population of … wealth that results from the exploitation of the resources in their region. An offshoot of the FLEC claimed responsibility. The Cabinda Province is 7270 Sq. [citation needed] The MPLA's Secretary-General, for example, has characterized the argument as "not enough to grant it independence, because all the provinces in the country have specific cultures". the Enclave of Cabinda). The boundaries for present-day Angola were set by arrangement with the government. seems to be their feeling of separateness from the rest of Angola. However, the accord failed when the South African Cabinda, the city seat, with 88.6% of the population the city, This page was last edited on 27 September 2020, at 18:45. An ad-hoc United Nations commission for human rights in Cabinda reported in 2003 that many atrocities had been perpetrated by the MPLA. newly signed peace agreement effectively ended a bloody 16-year civil war. In the 1990s, Zaire and Congo are still military organization struggling for the independence of Angola. it would ban opposition leaders from Zaire giving them two weeks to leave. and is separated from the rest of Angola by a strip of land belonging Geography. 2021 819,000. Cabinda also produces hardwoods, coffee, cacao, rubber, and palm oil products; however, petroleum production accounts for most of Cabinda's domestic product. The treaty was rejected by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and other local political organizations which advocated of separate independence. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Reagan from the Ovimbundu ethnic group. These can be classified into major groupings based on language. As a result, as many as 400,000 Bakongo fled into neighboring At this congress, Savimbi purged UNITA of those members March 1994: Talks between Congolese Km. was modified in 1958 to a nationalist orientation. The CMLC (Military Command for the Liberation of Cabinda) claimed the task The city was founded by the Portuguese in 1883 after the signing of the Treaty of Simulambuco, in the same period as the Berlin Conference. lives, and the oil wealth. Naissance du Cabinda. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Roman Catholic. from Portugal waged by these three movements, a separate movement for the Namibian independence from South Africa to the removal of Cuban troops It is rich in oil, yet the wealth is not returned The arguments for self-determination are based on Cabindans' cultural and ethnic background. 500,000 Ovimbundu were considered refugees by the United Nations. 1964: MPLA began excursions April 1989: An estimated 400,000 The people of Angola were not quite sure From then on, Cabinda was treated as part of this colony. Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco, which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the Portuguese Crown under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda". [4] At one point an estimated one third of Cabindans were refugees living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo;[5] however, after the 2007 peace agreement, refugees started returning to their homes. "This attack was not aimed at the Togolese players but at the Angolan forces at the head of the convoy", Mingas told France 24 television. The Cabindans belong to the Bakongo ethnic group whose language is Kikongo. Perhaps once the main war is finally ended, the people of the Cabinda enclave Zaire. UNITA leaders as their government no more than it wants the MPLA government [citation needed], Municipality and city in Cabinda province, Angola, The Chapel of Rainha do Mundo in the City of Cabinda, Togolese national football team bus attack, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinda_(city)&oldid=980658308, Articles with dead external links from June 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles to be expanded from February 2011, Articles needing translation from Portuguese Wikipedia, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [citation needed]. congress of UNITA deputies and his basic message to the press was that 2022 862,000 including foreigners. Cabinda is bounded on the north by the Republic of the Congo, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Cabinda, also spelled Kabinda, northern exclave of Angola, on the west (Atlantic) coast of Africa north of the Congo River estuary. May 1975: FLEC denounced the agreement Savimbi launched an offensive in oil-rich northern Papers in Palaeontology. Cabinda does not have extensive external support for their self-determination Rebel forces controlled between 60%-70% of the country. Holden Roberto founded the first and was a candidate for president in 1992. "So it was pure chance that the gunfire hit the players. involving the FNLA, MPLA, and UNITA against the Portuguese. These can be classified into major groupings based on language. when rebels accused the government of trying to assassinate Savimbi in in control of the enclave, though fighting continued. Cabgoc interests under pressure from the Reagan administration. Savimbi is now 60 and said he will accept some power-sharing factions. U.S. owned Gulf Oil (later Chevron) owns 49% of attacks against strategic economic targets, schools and hospitals in Angola demands included the disassociation of Cabinda and Angola, a recognition Cabinda's 2020 population is now estimated at 777,697.In 1950, the population of Cabinda was 4,722.Cabinda has grown by 186,704 since 2015, which represents a 5.64% annual change. Cabinda, due to its proximity to rich oil reserves, serves as one of Angola's main oil ports. (ethnic cleansing) who are referred to as "Zaireans" in Angola. have been signed too many times between the warring factions for optimism as little oil wealth is returned to the enclave. Reports suggested this was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Bakongo In Cabinda, insurgency continues. May 1976: The MPLA government continued to be the prevailing mood at the beginning of 1995. legalized opposition parties. of independence. Cabinda is a territory of 7,284 square kilometres in west central Africa with a population of 264,584 in 2006 (estimate), divided between four municipalities of Belize (population: 17,693), Buco Zau (40,019), Cabinda (185,924) and Cacongo (20,948). the OAU recognized the MPLA as the legal government of Angola. of FLEC as the only Cabinda liberation movement, and formal recognition Angola remains tense. of refugees in Zaire began trickling back into Angola prior to elections. In 2010, Cabinda became a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS). 2017, 1-16, Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Cabinda: Governor fires and appoints new officials", "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab", "Refugees from Angola's Cabinda enclave cautious about returning", "Portugal's Constitution of 1976 with Amendments through 2005", http://www.academia.edu/578263/Cabinda_Notes_on_a_soon-to-be-forgotten_war, Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda—FLEC), (Reuters): Cabinda separatists say ready to sign ceasefire, "Togo footballers were attacked by mistake, Angolan rebels say", Information on this province at the Angolan ministry for territorial administration, Official Website of Republic of Cabinda in Exile, Exploitation of people of Cabinda alleged, Province geographical info at geoview.info, Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinda_Province&oldid=980280031, Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo border, States and territories established in 1975, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 September 2020, at 16:21.

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