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Other areas damaged during World War II bombing included: in September 1940 two unexploded bombs hit the Edward VII galleries, the King's Library received a direct hit from a high explosive bomb, incendiaries fell on the dome of the Round Reading Room but did little damage; on the night of 10 to 11 May 1941 several incendiaries fell on the south-west corner of the museum, destroying the book stack and 150,000 books in the courtyard and the galleries around the top of the Great Staircase – this damage was not fully repaired until the early 1960s.[56]. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich. These are too similar in colour to the marbles...These half-dozen elementary errors were pointed out by everyone in the Museum, and by many scholars outside, when the building was projected. Another often overlooked highlight is Yemeni antiquities, the finest collection outside that country. The British Museum, in the Bloomsbury area of London, England, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. Although completed in 1938, it was hit by a bomb in 1940 and remained semi-derelict for 22 years, before reopening in 1962. Reliefs and sculptures from the site of Persepolis were donated by Sir Gore Ouseley in 1825 and the 5th Earl of Aberdeen in 1861 and the museum received part of a pot-hoard of jewellery from Pasargadae as the division of finds in 1963 and part of the Ziwiye hoard in 1971. It was the first public national museum in the world. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the museum's vast library. Assyrian palace reliefs and sculptures from: Room 56 – The 'Ram in a Thicket' figure, one of a pair, from Ur, Southern Iraq, c. 2600 BC, Room 56 – The famous 'Standard of Ur', a hollow wooden box with scenes of war and peace, from Ur, c. 2600 BC, Room 56 - Sculpture of the god Imdugud, lion-headed eagle surmounting a lintel made from sheets of copper, Temple of Ninhursag at Tell al-'Ubaid, Iraq, c. 2500 BC, Room 56 - Statue of Kurlil, from the Temple of Ninhursag in Tell al-'Ubaid, southern Iraq, c. 2500 BC, Room 56 – The famous Babylonian 'Queen of the Night relief' of the goddess Ishtar, Iraq, c. 1790 BC, Room 57 - Carved ivory object from the Nimrud Ivories, Phoenician, Nimrud, Iraq, 9th–8th century BC, Room 6 – Depiction of the hypocrite, Jehu, King of Israel on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, Nimrud, c. 827 BC, Room 10 – Human Headed Winged Bulls from Khorsabad, companion pieces in the Musée du Louvre, Iraq, 710–705 BC, Room 55 – Cuneiform Collection, including the Epic of Gilgamesh, Iraq, c. 669-631 BC, Room 55 – Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal (detail), Nineveh, Neo-Assyrian, Iraq, c. 645 BC, Room 55 - Panel with striding lion made from glazed bricks, Neo-Babylonian, Nebuchadnezzar II, Southern Iraq, 604–562 BC, Room 52 – A chariot from the Oxus Treasure, the most important surviving collection of Achaemenid Persian metalwork, c. 5th to 4th centuries BC, Room 53 - Stela said to come from Tamma' cemetery, Yemen, 1st century AD, Room 53 - Alabaster statue of a standing female figure, Yemen, 1st-2nd centuries AD, Room 34 - Cylindrical lidded box with an Arabic inscription recording its manufacture for the ruler of Mosul, Badr al-Din Lu'lu', Iraq, c. 1233 – 1259 AD, The Department of Prints and Drawings holds the national collection of Western prints and drawings. He also discovered the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, a large collection of cuneiform tablets of enormous importance that today number around 130,000 pieces. Woolley went on to excavate Ur between 1922 and 1934, discovering the 'Royal Cemeteries' of the 3rd millennium BC. The holdings are easily accessible to the general public in the Study Room, unlike many such collections. The Reading Room is open to any member of the public who wishes to read there. Antiquities from excavations started to come to the museum in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the work of the Egypt Exploration Fund under the efforts of E.A. London: The British Museum Press, p. 5, Permanent establishment of the Research Laboratory (now the oldest such establishment in continuous existence), Cook, B.F. (2005). Other groups of artifacts represented in the department include the national collection of (c.100) icon paintings, most of which originate from the Byzantine Empire and Russia, and over 40 mediaeval astrolabes from across Europe and the Middle East. Explore the Museum's galleries from home and get closer to the collection, using Google Street View. The size of the Egyptian collections now stand at over 110,000 objects.[68]. [105] A broadening of this law would require the act to be revised/repealed by another act, which needs a majority vote in British Parliament. They now house the museum's collections of Prints and Drawings and Oriental Antiquities. These cover Mesopotamia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, parts of Central Asia, Syria, the Holy Land and Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean from the prehistoric period and include objects from the beginning of Islam in the 7th century. The Queen Elizabeth II Great Court is a covered square at the centre of the British Museum designed by the engineers Buro Happold and the architects Foster and Partners. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The British Museum was run from its inception by a 'principal librarian' (when the book collections were still part of the museum), a role that was renamed 'director and principal librarian' in 1898, and 'director' in 1973 (on the separation of the British Library). A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The small Elgin Room was painted with pure white tinted with prussian blue, and the Room of the metopes was painted with pure white tinted with cobalt blue and black; it was necessary, for practical reasons, to colour all the dadoes a darker colour[38], It is, I suppose, not positively bad, but it could have been infinitely better. [18] At this time, the largest parts of collection were the library, which took up the majority of the rooms on the ground floor of Montagu House, and the natural history objects, which took up an entire wing on the second state storey of the building. Many changes followed: the first full-time in-house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, the Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. Between 1878 and 1882 Rassam greatly improved the museum's holdings with exquisite objects including the Cyrus Cylinder from Babylon, the bronze gates from Balawat, important objects from Sippar, and a fine collection of Urartian bronzes from Toprakkale including a copper figurine of a winged, human-headed bull. The Sainsbury African Galleries display 600 objects from the greatest permanent collection of African arts and culture in the world. Cypriot antiquities are strong too and have benefited from the purchase of Sir Robert Hamilton Lang's collection as well as the bequest of Emma Turner in 1892, which funded many excavations on the island. Archeological excavation of prehistoric material took off and expanded considerably in the twentieth century and the department now has literally millions of objects from the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods throughout the world, as well as from the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age in Europe. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1800 did much to raise the museum's reputation; but Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.[22]. The department is also responsible for the curation of Romano-British objects – the museum has by far the most extensive such collection in Britain and one of the most representative regional collections in Europe outside Italy. See some of our most popular objects from every angle on Sketchfab, including mummy masks and the Rosetta Stone. Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence, having been widely collected during the era of the British Empire. The collection encompasses architectural, sculptural and epigraphic items from many other sites across the classical world including Amathus, Atripalda, Aphrodisias, Delos, Iasos, Idalion, Lindus, Kalymnos, Kerch, Rhamnous, Salamis, Sestos, Sounion, Tomis and Thessanoloki. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of Tutankhamun" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. It is a point of controversy whether museums should be allowed to possess artefacts taken from other countries,[7][99] and the British Museum is a notable target for criticism. The immediate post-war years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the Blitz. The Anthropology Library is especially large, with 120,000 volumes. [49], The British Museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport through a three-year funding agreement. Enjoy stories of our galleries and the objects within them in these audio tours, led by Museum curators. The architect Sir John James Burnet was petitioned to put forward ambitious long-term plans to extend the building on all three sides. The collections of ancient jewellery and bronzes, Greek vases (many from graves in southern Italy that were once part of Sir William Hamilton's and Chevalier Durand's collections), Roman glass including the famous Cameo glass Portland Vase, Roman gold glass (the second largest collection after the Vatican Museums), Roman mosaics from Carthage and Utica in North Africa that were excavated by Nathan Davis, and silver hoards from Roman Gaul (some of which were bequeathed by the philanthropist and museum trustee Richard Payne Knight), are particularly important. The construction commenced around the courtyard with the East Wing (The King's Library) in 1823–1828, followed by the North Wing in 1833–1838, which originally housed among other galleries a reading room, now the Wellcome Gallery. The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre, our state of the art conservation studio and storage centre, is also open to visitors and researchers. Mallowan returned with his wife Agatha Christie to carry out further digs at Nimrud in the postwar period which secured many important artefacts for the museum. La défaite de Napoléon en Égypte (campagne d'Égypte) permit d’acquérir des pièces d'art … It was decided to experiment with lighter colours, and the walls of the large room were painted with what was, at its first application, a pure cold white, but which after a year's exposure had unfortunately yellowed. Soueif claimed that the money BP provided to support British Museum exhibitions could be obtained elsewhere. Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The source of daylight is too high above the sculptures, a fault that is only concealed by the amount of reflection from the pinkish marble walls. The law here permits the Trustees of the British Museum to do very little, allowing repatriation of objects only in physical decay, duplicates, pre-1850 and is copiable. The principal gallery devoted to Asian art in the museum is Gallery 33 with its comprehensive display of Chinese, Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian objects. However, the lack of a large temporary exhibition space has led to the £135 million World Conservation and Exhibition Centre to provide one and to concentrate all the museum's conservation facilities into one Conservation Centre. London: The British Museum Press, pg 346, BMCE1/5, 1175 (13 May 1820). Search for some of the most iconic treasures in the entire world from Greece (Parthenon, the ‘Elgin Marbles’), Egypt (Rosetta Stone) and Medieval Europe (Lewis Chessmen) across to Mesopotamia, Mexico and China. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence excavated at Carchemish. Profits from their sales goes to support the British Museum. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand. By the 1970s the museum was again expanding. [124], Main Staircase, Discobolus of Myron (the Discus-Thrower), Ceiling of the Great Court and the black siltstone obelisks of Nectanebo II, c. 350 BC, Detail of an Ionic capital on a pilaster in the Great Court, African Garden – created by BBC TV programme Ground Force, Room 4 – Egyptian Sculpture, view towards the Assyrian Transept, The British Museum, Room 6 – Assyrian Sculpture, Room 8 – Pair of Lamassu from Nimrud & reliefs from the palace of Tiglath-Pileser III, Room 7 – Reliefs from the North-west palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Nimrud, Room 89 – Nimrud & Nineveh Palace Reliefs, Room 20a – Tomb of Merehi & Greek Vases, Lycia, 360 BC, Main Staircase – Townley Caryatid, Roman, 140–160 AD, The museum has a collaboration with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the collection online. [12], On 7 June 1753, King George II gave his Royal Assent to the Act of Parliament which established the British Museum. [97], The BMP publishes both popular and scholarly illustrated books to accompany the exhibition programme and explore aspects of the general collection. Predynastic and Early Dynastic period (c. 6000 BC – c.2690 BC), Room 64 - Egyptian grave containing a Gebelein predynastic mummy, late predynastic, 3400 BC, Room 4 – Three black granite statues of the pharaoh Senusret III, c. 1850 BC, Room 4 – Three black granite statues of the goddess Sakhmet, c. 1400 BC, Room 4 – Colossal statue of Amenhotep III, c. 1370 BC, Great Court – Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III, c. 1350 BC, Room 4 - Limestone statue of a husband and wife, 1300-1250 BC, Room 63 - Gilded outer coffins from the tomb of Henutmehyt, Thebes, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, 1250 BC, Book of the Dead of Hunefer, sheet 5, 19th Dynasty, 1250 BC, Room 4 - Ancient Egyptian bronze statue of a cat from the Late Period, about 664–332 BC, Room 4 - Green siltstone head of a Pharaoh, 26th-30th Dynasty, 600-340 BC, Great Court - Black siltstone obelisk of King Nectanebo II of Egypt, Thirtieth dynasty, about 350 BC, Room 62 - Detail from the mummy case of Artemidorus the Younger, a Greek who had settled in Thebes, Egypt, during Roman times, 100-200 AD. Carved in stone or gently etched in gold, all objects will encourage you to explore the history of humanity from two million years ago to the present time. The great eleven volume Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum compiled between 1870 and 1954 is the definitive reference work for the study of British Satirical prints. On the upper floor, there are galleries devoted to smaller material from ancient Italy, Greece, Cyprus and the Roman Empire. However, following the founding of the National Gallery, London in 1824,[e] the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the Natural history collections.[29]. [39] Meanwhile, prior to the war, the Nazis had sent a researcher to the British Museum for several years with the aim of "compiling an anti-Semitic history of Anglo-Jewry". This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints & drawings; and ethnography. Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857. [103], The British Museum has refused to return these artefacts, stating that the "restitutionist premise, that whatever was made in a country must return to an original geographical site, would empty both the British Museum and the other great museums of the world". Many individuals have added to the department's collection over the years but those assembled by Henry Christy, Harry Beasley and William Oldman are outstanding. Main hall Ceiling of the Main Hall (HDR) Façade principale Détail de la façade Détail de la façade Détail de la façade A collection of immense importance, the holdings of Assyrian sculpture, Babylonian and Sumerian antiquities are among the most comprehensive in the world with entire suites of rooms panelled in alabaster Assyrian palace reliefs from Nimrud, Nineveh and Khorsabad. [97], Scholarly titles are published in the Research Publications series, all of which are peer-reviewed. Stone Age material from Africa has been donated by famous archaeologists such as Louis and Mary Leakey, and Gertrude Caton–Thompson. [102] As of 2010[update], Neil MacGregor, the former Director of the British Museum, said he hoped that both British and Chinese investigators would work together on the controversial collection, which continues to result in resentment in China. There are plans in place to develop permanent galleries for showcasing art from Oceania and South America. Reproduced in MacGregor (1994a:29), Tony Kitto, "The celebrated connoisseur: Charles Townley, 1737–1805", Searches on 8 January 2012, return totals of 700,000, but many are in other departments. [33], The William Burges collection of armoury was bequeathed to the museum in 1881. Les sept galeries égyptiennes exposent seulement 4 % des collections du musée. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. These quickly formed the nucleus of the collection. Making Us Human (2,000,000 - 9000 BC) After the Ice Age: Food and Sex (9000 - 3500 BC) 1: Mummy of Hornedjitef. The Department of Coins and Medals was created in 1861 and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2011.[93]. With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. Although today principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". A representative selection of Iron Age artefacts from Hallstatt were acquired as a result of the Evans/Lubbock excavations and from Giubiasco in Ticino through the Swiss National Museum. Due to increasing urbanisation and the rise in industrialisation (including the spread of gas lighting in England), the evening meal was becoming later and later. [96] The website and online database of the collection also provide increasing amounts of information. Room 26 - Stone pipe representing an otter from Mound City, Ohio, USA, 200 BC - 400 AD, Room 2 - Stone tomb guardian, part human part jaguar, from San Agustín, Colombia, c. 300-600 AD, Room 1 - Maya maize god statue from Copán, Honduras, 600-800 AD, Room 24 - Gold Lime Flasks (poporos), Quimbaya Culture, Colombia, 600-1100 AD, Room 27 - Lintel 25 from Yaxchilan, Late Classic, Mexico, 600-900 AD, Room 24 - Bird pectoral made from gold alloy, Popayán, Colombia, 900-1600 AD, Room 24 – Rapa Nui statue Hoa Hakananai'a, 1000 AD, Wellcome Trust Gallery, Room 27 - Double-headed serpent turquoise mosaic, Aztec, Mexico, 1400-1500 AD, Room 27 - Turquoise Mosaic Mask, Mixtec-Aztec, Mexico, 1400-1500 AD, Room 2 - Miniature gold llama figurine, Inca, Peru, about 1500 AD, Room 25 - Part of the famous collection of Benin brass plaques, Nigeria, 1500-1600 AD, Room 25 - Detail of one of the Benin brass plaques in the museum, Nigeria, 1500-1600 AD, Room 25 - Benin ivory mask of Queen Idia, Nigeria, 16th century AD, Room 24 - Hawaiian feather helmet or mahiole, late 1700s AD, Bowl decorated with pearl shell and boars' tusks, used to serve the intoxicating drink kava, Hawaii, late 1700s AD, Great Court - Two house frontal totem poles, Haida, British Columbia, Canada, about 1850 AD, Room 25 - Mask (wood and pigment); Punu people, Gabon, 19th century AD, Room 25 - Otobo masquerade in the Africa Gallery, Nigeria, 20th century AD, Room 25 - Modern interpretation of kente cloth from Ghana, late 20th century AD, The British Museum is home to one of the world's finest numismatic collections, comprising about a million objects, including coins, medals, tokens and paper money. A real coup for the museum was the purchase in 1867, over French objections, of the Duke of Blacas's wide-ranging and valuable collection of antiquities. En 1753, le parlement décide de l’achat des collections du médecin Sir Hans Sloane et du comte d’Oxford, Robert Harley. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851. Granite statue of Ankhwa, the shipbuilder, Several of the original casing stones from the, Statue of Nenkheftka from Deshasha, 4th Dynasty (2500 BC), Wooden tomb statue of Tjeti, 5th to 6th Dynasty (about 2345–2181 BC), Quartzite statue of Ankhrekhu, 12th Dynasty (1985–1795 BC), Block statue and stela of Sahathor, 12th Dynasty, reign of. Examples include the collections made by individuals such as James Wilkinson Breeks, Sir Alexander Cunningham, Sir Harold Deane, Sir Walter Elliot, James Prinsep, Charles Masson, Sir John Marshall and Charles Stuart. Other highlights include the huge Hawaiian statue of Kū-ka-ili-moku or god of war (one of three extant in the world) and the famous Easter Island statues Hoa Hakananai'a and Moai Hava. At the same time the African collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family – with the donation valued at £25 million. As Sir Robert Smirke's grand neo-classical building gradually arose, the museum became a construction site. Its head is the Director of the British Museum. Protestors also drew attention to the fact that BP lobbied the UK government to help it gain access to Iraq's oil reserves prior to Britain's invasion in 2003. Fondé en 1753 et ouvert en 1759, le British Museum compte dix départements géo-thématiques. World history poses extraordinary demands upon those who teach it, challenging the talent of experienced instructors as well as to those new to the field. Particularly valuable collections are from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (much assembled by the British naval officer Maurice Portman), Sri Lanka (especially through the colonial administrator Hugh Nevill), Northern Thailand, south-west China, the Ainu of Hokaidu in Japan (chief among them the collection of the Scottish zoologist John Anderson), Siberia (with artefacts collected by the explorer Kate Marsden and Bassett Digby and is notable for its Sakha pieces, especially the ivory model of a summer festival at Yakutsk) and the islands of South-East Asia, especially Borneo. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.[6]. In May 2016, the British Museum was temporarily closed after Greenpeace climbers unfurled eight banners down the front columns of the British Museum in protest at BP's sponsorship of an exhibition about Ancient Egypt. >> Allez à Londres en train Archaeology was in its infancy during the nineteenth century and many pioneering individuals began excavating sites across the Classical world, chief among them for the museum were Charles Newton, John Turtle Wood, Robert Murdoch Smith and Charles Fellows. The Greek objects originate from across the Ancient Greek world, from the mainland of Greece and the Aegean Islands, to neighbouring lands in Asia Minor and Egypt in the eastern Mediterranean and as far as the western lands of Magna Graecia that include Sicily and southern Italy. Katherine Gibson, 'The emergence of Grinling Gibbons as a statuary', published in Apollo, September 1999, p .28. [26], In 1802 a buildings committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the King's Library, personal library of King George III's, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings. Room 12 – A gold earring from the Aegina Treasure, Greece, 1700-1500 BC, Room 18 – Parthenon statuary from the east pediment and Metopes from the south wall, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BC, Room 19 – Caryatid and Ionian column from the Erechtheion, Acropolis of Athens, Greece, 420-415 BC, Room 20 – Tomb of Payava, Lycia, Turkey, 360 BC, Room 21 – Fragmentary horse from the colossal chariot group which topped the podium of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Turkey, c. 350 BC, Room 22 - Gold oak wreath with a bee and two cicadas, western Turkey, c. 350-300 BC, Room 22 – Column from the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Turkey, early 4th century BC, Room 22 - Colossal head of Asclepius wearing a metal crown (now lost), from a cult statue on Melos, Greece, 325-300 BC, Room 1 - Farnese Hermes in the Enlightenment Gallery, Italy, 1st century AD, Room 69 - Roman gladiator helmet from Pompeii, Italy, 1st century AD, Room 23 - The famous version of the 'Crouching Venus', Roman, c. 1st century AD, Room 22 – Roman marble copy of the famous 'Spinario (Boy with Thorn)', Italy, c. 1st century AD, Room 22 – Apollo of Cyrene (holding a lyre), Libya, c. 2nd century AD. During the course of his lifetime, and particularly after he married the widow of a wealthy Jamaican planter,[9] Sloane gathered a large collection of curiosities and, not wishing to see his collection broken up after death, he bequeathed it to King George II, for the nation, for a sum of £20,000. Also the general museum archives which date from its foundation in 1753 are overseen by this department; the individual departments have their own separate archives and libraries covering their various areas of responsibility, which can be consulted by the public on application. The Natural History Museum at South Kensington is closed. It was compiled in the early 13th century. In recent years, controversies pertaining to reparation of artefacts taken from the Old Summer Palace in Beijing during the Anglo-French invasion of China in 1860 have also begun to surface. [42], National museum in London, United Kingdom, Headquarters: 100 Parliament Street, London, SW1A 2BQ, The largest building site in Europe (1825–1850), Collecting from the wider world (1850–1875), Disruption and reconstruction (1925–1950), Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory, Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas, Department of Conservation and Scientific Research. The department also has three diorite statues of the ruler Gudea from the ancient state of Lagash and a series of limestone kudurru or boundary stones from different locations across ancient Mesopotamia. Assyrian Sculpture. South from Ephesus – An Escape From The Tyranny of Western Art, pp. This is a long outmoded idea, and the exact opposite of what a sculpture gallery should do. From Tell al-Ubaid came the bronze furnishings of a Sumerian temple, including life-sized lions and a panel featuring the lion-headed eagle Indugud found by H. R. Hall in 1919–24. Beginning from the early Bronze Age, the department also houses one of the widest-ranging collections of Italic and Etruscan antiquities outside Italy, as well as extensive groups of material from Cyprus and non-Greek colonies in Lycia and Caria on Asia Minor. The Elgin Marbles. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the King's Library Gallery began in 1823. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Centre. The British Museum shop has a range of unique gifts, replicas, games and more. Together, they illustrate every aspect of the cultures of the Nile Valley (including Nubia), from the Predynastic Neolithic period (c. 10,000 BC) through Coptic (Christian) times (12th century AD), and up to the present day, a time-span over 11,000 years.[66]. Limestone statue and stelae from the offering chapel of Inyotef, Statue of Rehuankh, Abydos, (1850–1830 BC), Stela of Nebipusenwosret, Abydos, (1800 BC), Pair of gold bracelets that belonged to General, Inner and outer coffins of the priest Hor, Deir el-Bahari, Thebes, 25th Dynasty, (about 680 BC), Sarcophagus of Hapmen, Cairo, 26th Dynasty or later, (600–300 BC), Fragment of a basalt Egyptian-style statue of, Lid of the coffin of Soter and Cleopatra from Qurna, Thebes, (early 2nd century AD).

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